Native Mobile Applications

In a nutshell, native apps provide the best usability, the best features, and the best overall mobile experience. There are some things you only get with native apps:

• Multi-touch – double taps, pinch-spread, and other compound UI gestures.
• Fast graphics API – the native platform gives you the fastest graphics, which may not be a big deal if you’re showing a static screen with only a few elements, or a very big deal if you’re using a lot of data and require a fast refresh.
• Fluid animation – related to the fast graphics API, is the ability to have fluid animation. This is especially important in gaming, highly interactive reporting, or intensely computational algorithms for transforming photos and sounds.
• Built-in components – The camera, address book, geolocation, and other features native to the device can be seamlessly integrated into mobile apps. Another important built-in component is encrypted storage, but more about that later.
• Ease of use – The native platform is what people are accustomed to, and so when you add that familiarity with all of the native features they expect, you have an app that’s just plain easier to use.
• Documentation – There are over 2500 books alone for iOS and Android development, with many more articles, blog posts, and detailed technical threads on sites like StackOverflow.

Native apps are usually developed using an integrated development environment (IDE). IDEs provide tools for building, debugging, project management, version control, and other tools that professional developers need. While iOS and Android apps are developed using different IDEs and languages, there’s a lot of parity in the development environments, and there’s not much reason to delve into the differences. Simply put, you use the tools required by the device.

You need these tools because native apps are more difficult to develop. Likewise, the level of experience required is higher than in other development scenarios; you don’t just cut and paste Objective-C and expect it to work. Indeed, the technological know-how of your development team is an important consideration. If you’re a professional developer, you don’t have to be sold on proven APIs and frameworks, painless special effects through established components, or the benefits of having your code all in one place. Let’s face it, today, a skilled native iOS or Android developer is a rock star and can make rock star demands.

While we’ve touched on native apps from a development perspective, there’s also the more important perspective: the end user. When you’re looking for an app, you’ll find it in the store. When you start the app, it fires up immediately. When you use the app, you get fast performance and a consistent platform look and feel. When your app needs an update, it tells you so. Native apps give you everything you’d expect from the company that built your device, as if it were simply meant to be.

HTML5 Mobile Applications

If you’re new to mobile app development, you’re late to the party. However, for mobile Web-based apps, we’re still partying like it’s 1999! Sure, browsers have gotten better in the past umpteen years, but the underlying technology isn’t that much different than when you feared the Y2K bug.

But that can be a good thing. An HTML5 mobile app is basically a web page, or a series of web pages, that is designed to work on a tiny screen. As such, HTML5 apps are device agnostic and can be opened with any modern mobile browser. And because your content is on the web, it’s searchable, which can be a huge benefit depending on the app (shopping, for example).

If you have experience developing Web apps, you’ll take to HTML5 like a duck to water. If you’re new to Web development, the technological bar is lower; it’s easier to get started here than in native or hybrid development. Unfortunately, every mobile device seems to have its own idea of what constitutes usable screen size and resolution, and so there’s an additional burden of testing on different devices. Browser incompatibility is especially rife on Android devices, so browser beware.

An important part of the “write-once-run-anywhere” HTML5 methodology is that distribution and support are much easier than for native apps. Need to make a bug fix or add features? Done and deployed for all users. For a native app, there are longer development and testing cycles, after which the consumer typically must log into a store and download a new version to get the latest fix.

In the last year, HTML5 has emerged as a very popular way for building mobile applications. Multiple UI frameworks are available for solving some of the most complex problems that no developer wants to reinvent. iScroll does a phenomenal job of emulating momentum-style scrolling. JQuery Mobile and Sencha Touch provide elegant mobile components, with hundreds, if not thousands, of plugins that offer everything from carousels to super elaborate controls.

So if HTML5 apps are easier to develop, easier to support, and can reach the widest range of devices, where do these apps lose out? We already reviewed the major benefits of native development, so we’ll just reiterate that you can’t access native features on the device. Users won’t have the familiarity of the native look and feel, or be able to use compound gestures they are familiar with. But strides are being made on all fronts, and more and more functionality is supported by browsers all the time.

The latest batch of browsers support hardware-accelerated CSS3 animation properties, providing smooth motion for sliding panels as well as transitions between screens, but even that can’t match the power and flexibility of native apps. Today, it’s simply not possible to capture multi-touch input events (determining when more than one finger is on the screen) or create path-style elegance with spinout buttons and photos that hover, then drop into the right place.

However, significant limitations, especially for enterprise mobile, are offline storage and security. While you can implement a semblance of offline capability by caching files on the device, it just isn’t a very good solution. Although the underlying database might be encrypted, it’s not as well segmented as a native keychain encryption that protects each app with a developer certificate. Also, if a web app with authentication is launched from the desktop, it will require users to enter their credentials every time the app is sent to the background. This is a lousy experience for the user. In general, implementing even trivial security measures on a native platform can be a complex task for a mobile Web developer. Therefore, if security is of the utmost importance, it can be the deciding factor on which mobile technology you choose.

Hybrid Mobile Applications

Hybrid development combines the best (or worst) of both the native and HTML5 worlds. We define a hybrid as a web app, primarily built using HTML5 and JavaScript, that is then wrapped inside a thin native container that provides access to native platform features. PhoneGap is an example of the most popular container for creating hybrid mobile apps.

For the most part, hybrid apps provide the best of both worlds. Existing web developers who have become gurus at optimizing JavaScript, pushing CSS to create beautiful layouts, and writing compliant HTML code that works on any platform can now create sophisticated mobile applications that don’t sacrifice the cool native capabilities. In certain circumstances, native developers can write plugins for tasks like image processing, but in cases like this, the devil is in the details.

On iOS, the embedded web browser, or the UI WebView, is not identical to the Safari browser. While the differences are minor, they can cause debugging headaches. That’s why it pays off to invest in popular frameworks that have addressed all of the limitations.